microcirculationРегионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляцияRegional blood circulation and microcirculation1682-66552712-9756Academician I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University10.24884/1682-6655-2023-22-1-103-109microcirculation-1163Research ArticleЛЕКЦИИLECTURESРоль оценки основных гемодинамических параметров в современной экспериментальной практикеThe role of the main hemodynamic parameters assessing in modern experimental practiceПроцакЕ. С.ProtsakE. S.

Процак Егор Сергеевич – лаборант-исследователь

197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2

Protsak Egor S. – laboratory assistant

2, Akkuratova str., Saint Petersburg, 197341

egor-protsak@yandex.ruБорщевЮ. Ю.BorshchevYu. Yu.

Борщев Юрий Юрьевич – канд. биол. наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, зав. лабораторией токсикологии

197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2

Borshchev Yuri Yu. – Ph. D. of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of toxicology

2, Akkuratova str., Saint Petersburg, 197341

niscon@mail.ruГалагудзаМ. М.GalagoudzaM. M.

Галагудза Михаил Михайлович – д-р мед. наук, профессор, член-корр. РАН, директор ИЭМ

197341, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Аккуратова, д. 2

197022, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Льва Толстого, д. 6-8

Galagoudza Michael M. – holder of an Advanced Doctorate in medicine, Professor, Director

2, Akkuratova str., Saint Petersburg, 197341

6-8, L’va Tolstogo street, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 197022

galagoudza@mail.ruФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияAlmazov National Medical Research CentreRussian FederationФедеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В. А. Алмазова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павлова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияAlmazov National Medical Research Centre; Pavlov UniversitRussian Federation202305042023221103109Copyright © Процак Е.С., Борщев Ю.Ю., Галагудза М.М., 20232023Процак Е.С., Борщев Ю.Ю., Галагудза М.М.Protsak E.S., Borshchev Y.Y., Galagoudza M.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.microcirc.ru/jour/article/view/1163

В лекции представлен анализ данных литературы об оценке параметров системной гемодинамики в экспериментах на лабораторных животных. Освещаются вопросы влияния условий содержания, частоты контакта с человеком, хэндлинга, проведения хирургической модификации животного и фармакологического сопровождения в периоперационном периоде на артериальное давление и частоту сердечных сокращений, которые являются наиболее часто регистрируемыми параметрами как в эксперименте, так и в клинической практике. Сведения из литературных источников необходимо учитывать при планировании и подготовке эксперимента с использованием биомедицинских моделей на животных, а также при разработке и представлении протокола на биоэтической комиссии. Оценка системной гемодинамики является неотъемлемой частью физиологического мониторинга при проведении любых хирургических вмешательств на животных, что позволяет лучше стандартизировать конечные экспериментальные точки и своевременно корректировать возможные отклонения от нормы.

We report an analysis of published data concerning the measurement of systemic hemodynamic parameters in experiments on laboratory animals. The article highlights the influence of such issues as housing and husbandry, handling, the frequency of person contact, animal surgical modification and pharmacological support in the perioperative period on blood pressure and heart rate, the most frequently recorded parameters both in experiment and clinic. Published data should be taken into account when planning and preparing an experiment using biomedical animal models, as well as when developing and submitting a protocol to the bioethical commission. Assessment of systemic hemodynamics is an integral part of physiological monitoring in any surgery of animals allowing better standardization of experimental endpoints and timely correction of possible deviations.

экспериментмоделированиекардиологиягемодинамикателеметрияартериальное давлениечастота сердечных сокращенийexperimentsimulationcardiologyhemodynamicstelemetryblood pressureheart rateИсследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 18-15-00153).The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 18-15-00153).ReferencesPound P., Ebrahim S., Sandercock P., Bracken M.B., Roberts I. Reviewing Animal Trials Systematically (RATS) Group. Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans? Brit. Med. J. 2004;328(7438):514–517. DOI: 10.1136/ bmj.328.7438.514.Pound P., Ebrahim S., Sandercock P., Bracken M.B., Roberts I. Reviewing Animal Trials Systematically (RATS) Group. Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans? Brit. Med. J. 2004;328(7438):514–517. DOI: 10.1136/ bmj.328.7438.514.Angell James J.E. The effects of altering mean pressure, pulse pressure and pulse frequency on the impulse activity in baroreceptor fibres from the aortic arch and right subclavian artery in the rabbit. J. Physiol (Lond). 1971;214:65–88.Angell James J.E. The effects of altering mean pressure, pulse pressure and pulse frequency on the impulse activity in baroreceptor fibres from the aortic arch and right subclavian artery in the rabbit. J. Physiol (Lond). 1971;214:65–88.Barcroft H., Edholm O.G., McMichael J., Sharpey Schafer E.P. Post haemorrhagic fainting: study by cardiac output and forearm blood flow. Lancet. 1944;1:489–491.Barcroft H., Edholm O.G., McMichael J., Sharpey Schafer E.P. Post haemorrhagic fainting: study by cardiac output and forearm blood flow. Lancet. 1944;1:489–491.Secher N.H., Bie P. Bradycardia during reversible haemorrhagic shock a forgotten observation? Clin. Physiol. 1985;5(4):315–323. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1985.tb00752.x.Secher N.H., Bie P. Bradycardia during reversible haemorrhagic shock a forgotten observation? Clin. Physiol. 1985;5(4):315–323. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1985.tb00752.x.Little R.A., Marshall H.W., Kirkman E. Attenuation of the acute cardiovascular responses to haemorrhage by tissue injury in the conscious rat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1989;74(6):825– 833. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1989.sp003352.Little R.A., Marshall H.W., Kirkman E. Attenuation of the acute cardiovascular responses to haemorrhage by tissue injury in the conscious rat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1989;74(6):825– 833. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1989.sp003352.Scherrer U., Vissing S., Morgan B.J., Hanson P., Victor R.G. Vasovagal syncope after infusion of a vasodilator in a heart-transplant recipient. new Engl. J. Med. 1990;322(9):602– 604. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199003013220906.Scherrer U., Vissing S., Morgan B.J., Hanson P., Victor R.G. Vasovagal syncope after infusion of a vasodilator in a heart-transplant recipient. new Engl. J. Med. 1990;322(9):602– 604. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199003013220906.Russell W.M.S., Burch R.L. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.; 1959: 238 p.Russell W.M.S., Burch R.L. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.; 1959: 238 p.Redfern W.S., Little R.A., Stoner H.B., Marshall H.W. Effect of limb ischaemia on blood pressure and the blood pressureheart rate reflex in the rat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1984;69(4):763– 779. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002867.Redfern W.S., Little R.A., Stoner H.B., Marshall H.W. Effect of limb ischaemia on blood pressure and the blood pressureheart rate reflex in the rat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 1984;69(4):763– 779. DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1984.sp002867.Kirkman E., Zhang H., Spapen H., Little R.A., Vincent J.L. Effects of afferent neural stimulation on critical oxygen delivery: a hemodynamic explanation. Amer. J. Physiol. 1995;269:R1448–1454. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1995. 269.6.R1448.Kirkman E., Zhang H., Spapen H., Little R.A., Vincent J.L. Effects of afferent neural stimulation on critical oxygen delivery: a hemodynamic explanation. Amer. J. Physiol. 1995;269:R1448–1454. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1995. 269.6.R1448.Maixner W., Fillingim R., Kincaid S., Sigurdsson A., Harris M.B. Relationship between pain sensitivity and resting arterial blood pressure in patients with painful temporomandibular disorders. Psychosom. Med. 1997;59(5):503–511. DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199709000-00007.Maixner W., Fillingim R., Kincaid S., Sigurdsson A., Harris M.B. Relationship between pain sensitivity and resting arterial blood pressure in patients with painful temporomandibular disorders. Psychosom. Med. 1997;59(5):503–511. DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199709000-00007.Brody S., Angrilli A., Weiss U., Birbaumer N., Mini A., Veit R., Rau H. Somatotosensory evoked potentials during baroreceptor stimulation in chronic low back pain patients and normal controls. Int J Psychophysiol. 1997;25(3):201–210. DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(96)00740-4.Brody S., Angrilli A., Weiss U., Birbaumer N., Mini A., Veit R., Rau H. Somatotosensory evoked potentials during baroreceptor stimulation in chronic low back pain patients and normal controls. Int J Psychophysiol. 1997;25(3):201–210. DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8760(96)00740-4.Carbone L. Pain in laboratory animals: the ethical and regulatory imperatives. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e21578. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021578.Carbone L. Pain in laboratory animals: the ethical and regulatory imperatives. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e21578. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021578.National Research Council (US) Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.National Research Council (US) Committee on Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.Belhomme D., Peynet J., Louzy M., Launay J.M., Kitakaze M., Menasché P. Evidence for preconditioning by isoflurane in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 1999; 100(19):340–344. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.100.suppl_2.ii-340.Belhomme D., Peynet J., Louzy M., Launay J.M., Kitakaze M., Menasché P. Evidence for preconditioning by isoflurane in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Circulation. 1999; 100(19):340–344. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.100.suppl_2.ii-340.Landoni G., Fochi O., Torri G. Cardiac protection by volatile anaesthetics: a review. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2008; 6(2):108–111. DOI: 10.2174/157016108783955284.Landoni G., Fochi O., Torri G. Cardiac protection by volatile anaesthetics: a review. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2008; 6(2):108–111. DOI: 10.2174/157016108783955284.Murry C.E., Jennings R.B., Reimer K.A. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation. 1986;74(5):1124–1136. DOI: 10. 1161/01.cir.74.5.1124.Murry C.E., Jennings R.B., Reimer K.A. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation. 1986;74(5):1124–1136. DOI: 10. 1161/01.cir.74.5.1124.Smul T.M., Redel A., Stumpner J., Lange M., Lotz C., Roewer N., Kehl F. Time course of desflurane-induced preconditioning in rabbits. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2010; 24(1):91–98. DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.03.006.Smul T.M., Redel A., Stumpner J., Lange M., Lotz C., Roewer N., Kehl F. Time course of desflurane-induced preconditioning in rabbits. J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2010; 24(1):91–98. DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2009.03.006.Chiari P.C., Pagel P.S., Tanaka K., Krolikowski J.G., Ludwig L.M., Trillo R.A. Jr., Puri N., Kersten J.R., Warltier D.C. Intravenous emulsified halogenated anesthetics produce acute and delayed preconditioning against myocardial infarction in rabbits. Anesthesiology. 2004;101(5):1160–1166. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200411000-00016.Chiari P.C., Pagel P.S., Tanaka K., Krolikowski J.G., Ludwig L.M., Trillo R.A. Jr., Puri N., Kersten J.R., Warltier D.C. Intravenous emulsified halogenated anesthetics produce acute and delayed preconditioning against myocardial infarction in rabbits. Anesthesiology. 2004;101(5):1160–1166. DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200411000-00016.Wang C., Chiari P.C., Weihrauch D., Krolikowski J.G., Warltier D.C., Kersten J.R., Pratt P.F. Jr., Pagel P.S. Gender-specificity of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane in rabbits: potential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Anesth. Analg. 2006;103(2):274–280. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE. 0000230389.76351.0C.Wang C., Chiari P.C., Weihrauch D., Krolikowski J.G., Warltier D.C., Kersten J.R., Pratt P.F. Jr., Pagel P.S. Gender-specificity of delayed preconditioning by isoflurane in rabbits: potential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Anesth. Analg. 2006;103(2):274–280. DOI: 10.1213/01.ANE. 0000230389.76351.0C.Weber N.C., Toma O., Wolter J.I., Obal D., Müllenheim J., Preckel B., Schlack W. The noble gas xenon induces pharmacological preconditioning in the rat heart in vivo via induction of PKC-epsilon and p38 MAPK. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 2005; 144(1):123–132. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706063.Weber N.C., Toma O., Wolter J.I., Obal D., Müllenheim J., Preckel B., Schlack W. The noble gas xenon induces pharmacological preconditioning in the rat heart in vivo via induction of PKC-epsilon and p38 MAPK. Brit. J. Pharmacol. 2005; 144(1):123–132. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706063.Hofland J., Ouattara A., Fellahi J.L., Gruenewald M. et al. Effect of Xenon Anesthesia Compared to Sevoflurane and Total Intravenous Anesthesia for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery on Postoperative Cardiac Troponin Release: An International, Multicenter, Phase 3, Single-blinded, Randomized Noninferiority Trial. Anesthesiology. 2017;127(6):918– 933. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001873.Hofland J., Ouattara A., Fellahi J.L., Gruenewald M. et al. Effect of Xenon Anesthesia Compared to Sevoflurane and Total Intravenous Anesthesia for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery on Postoperative Cardiac Troponin Release: An International, Multicenter, Phase 3, Single-blinded, Randomized Noninferiority Trial. Anesthesiology. 2017;127(6):918– 933. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001873.Bencze M., Behuliak M., Zicha J. The impact of four different classes of anesthetics on the mechanisms of blood pressure regulation in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol. Res. 2013;62(5):471–478. DOI: 10. 33549/physiolres.932637.Bencze M., Behuliak M., Zicha J. The impact of four different classes of anesthetics on the mechanisms of blood pressure regulation in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Physiol. Res. 2013;62(5):471–478. DOI: 10. 33549/physiolres.932637.Zhang Y., Irwin M.G., Wong T.M. Remifentanil preconditioning protects against ischemic injury in the intact rat heart. Anesthesiology. 2004;101(4):918–923. DOI: 10. 1097/00000542-200410000-00017.Zhang Y., Irwin M.G., Wong T.M. Remifentanil preconditioning protects against ischemic injury in the intact rat heart. Anesthesiology. 2004;101(4):918–923. DOI: 10. 1097/00000542-200410000-00017.Pugsley M.K., Saint D.A., Hayes E.S., Kramer D., Walker M.J. Sodium channel-blocking properties of spiradoline, a kappa receptor agonist, are responsible for its antiarrhythmic action in the rat. J. Cardiovas. Pharmacol. 1998;32(6):863– 874. DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199812000-00002.Pugsley M.K., Saint D.A., Hayes E.S., Kramer D., Walker M.J. Sodium channel-blocking properties of spiradoline, a kappa receptor agonist, are responsible for its antiarrhythmic action in the rat. J. Cardiovas. Pharmacol. 1998;32(6):863– 874. DOI: 10.1097/00005344-199812000-00002.Wojtovich A.P., Nadtochiy S.M., Brookes P.S., Nehrke K. Ischemic preconditioning: the role of mitochondria and aging. Exp. Geront. 2012;47(1):1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger. 2011.11.001.Wojtovich A.P., Nadtochiy S.M., Brookes P.S., Nehrke K. Ischemic preconditioning: the role of mitochondria and aging. Exp. Geront. 2012;47(1):1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.exger. 2011.11.001.Shinmura K., Tang X.L., Wang Y., Xuan Y.T., Liu S.Q., Takano H., Bhatnagar A., Bolli R. Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates the cardioprotective effects of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U S A. 2000;29;97(18):10197–10202. DOI: 10.1073/pnas. 97.18.10197.Shinmura K., Tang X.L., Wang Y., Xuan Y.T., Liu S.Q., Takano H., Bhatnagar A., Bolli R. Cyclooxygenase-2 mediates the cardioprotective effects of the late phase of ischemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits. Proc. nat. Acad. Sci. U S A. 2000;29;97(18):10197–10202. DOI: 10.1073/pnas. 97.18.10197.Koolhaas J.M., Baumans V., Blom H.J.M., von Holst D., Timmermans P.J.A., Wiepkema P.R. Behaviour, stress and wellbeing // In: Van Zutphen L.F.M., Baumans V., Beynen A.C. (eds.) Principles of Laboratory Animal Science: A Contribution to the Humane Use and Care of Animals and to the Quality of Experimental Results (2nd edn.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV; 2001: 77–102.Koolhaas J.M., Baumans V., Blom H.J.M., von Holst D., Timmermans P.J.A., Wiepkema P.R. Behaviour, stress and wellbeing // In: Van Zutphen L.F.M., Baumans V., Beynen A.C. (eds.) Principles of Laboratory Animal Science: A Contribution to the Humane Use and Care of Animals and to the Quality of Experimental Results (2nd edn.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV; 2001: 77–102.Clough G. Environmental effects on animals used in biomedical research. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 1982; 57:487–523. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1982.tb00705.x.Clough G. Environmental effects on animals used in biomedical research. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 1982; 57:487–523. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.1982.tb00705.x.Tracey K.J. Reflex control of immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2009;9(6):418–428. DOI: 10.1038/nri2566.Tracey K.J. Reflex control of immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2009;9(6):418–428. DOI: 10.1038/nri2566.Sternberg E.M. Neural regulation of innate immunity: a coordinated nonspecific host response to pathogens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2006; 6(4):318–328. DOI: 10.1038/nri1810.Sternberg E.M. Neural regulation of innate immunity: a coordinated nonspecific host response to pathogens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2006; 6(4):318–328. DOI: 10.1038/nri1810.Glaser R., Kiecolt-Glaser J.K. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2005; 5(3):243–251. DOI: 10.1038/nri1571.Glaser R., Kiecolt-Glaser J.K. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2005; 5(3):243–251. DOI: 10.1038/nri1571.Altholtz L.Y., Fowler K.A., Badura L.L., Kovacs M.S. Comparison of the stress response in rats to repeated isoflurane or CO2:O2 anesthesia used for restraint during serial blood collection via the jugular vein. J. Amer. Ass. Lab. Anim. Sci. 2006;45(3):17–22.Altholtz L.Y., Fowler K.A., Badura L.L., Kovacs M.S. Comparison of the stress response in rats to repeated isoflurane or CO2:O2 anesthesia used for restraint during serial blood collection via the jugular vein. J. Amer. Ass. Lab. Anim. Sci. 2006;45(3):17–22.Meijer M.K., Sommer R., Spruijt B.M., van Zutphen L.F., Baumans V. Influence of environmental enrichment and handling on the acute stress response in individually housed mice. Lab Anim. 2007;41(2):161–173. DOI: 10.1258/ 002367707780378168.Meijer M.K., Sommer R., Spruijt B.M., van Zutphen L.F., Baumans V. Influence of environmental enrichment and handling on the acute stress response in individually housed mice. Lab Anim. 2007;41(2):161–173. DOI: 10.1258/ 002367707780378168.Gurfein B.T., Stamm A.W., Bacchetti P., Dallman M.F., Nadkarni N.A., Milush J.M., Touma C., Palme R., Di Borgo C.P., Fromentin G., Lown-Hecht R., Konsman J.P., Acree M., Premenko-Lanier M., Darcel N., Hecht F.M., Nixon D.F. The calm mouse: an animal model of stress reduction. Molec. Med. 2012;18(1):606–617. DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00053.Gurfein B.T., Stamm A.W., Bacchetti P., Dallman M.F., Nadkarni N.A., Milush J.M., Touma C., Palme R., Di Borgo C.P., Fromentin G., Lown-Hecht R., Konsman J.P., Acree M., Premenko-Lanier M., Darcel N., Hecht F.M., Nixon D.F. The calm mouse: an animal model of stress reduction. Molec. Med. 2012;18(1):606–617. DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00053.Obernier J.A., Baldwin R.L. Establishing an appropriate period of acclimatization following transportation of laboratory animals. ILAR J. 2006;47(4):364–369. DOI: 10.1093/ ilar.47.4.364.Obernier J.A., Baldwin R.L. Establishing an appropriate period of acclimatization following transportation of laboratory animals. ILAR J. 2006;47(4):364–369. DOI: 10.1093/ ilar.47.4.364.Irvine R.J., White J., Chan R. The influence of restraint on blood pressure in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 1997;38(3):157–162. DOI: 10.1016/s1056- 8719(97)00081-6.Irvine R.J., White J., Chan R. The influence of restraint on blood pressure in the rat. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 1997;38(3):157–162. DOI: 10.1016/s1056- 8719(97)00081-6.Kurtz T.W., Griffin K.A., Bidani A.K., Davisson R.L., Hall J.E.; Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 2: Blood pressure measurement in experimental animals: a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart Association council on high blood pressure research. Hypertension. 2005;45(2):299–310. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP. 0000150857.39919.cb.Kurtz T.W., Griffin K.A., Bidani A.K., Davisson R.L., Hall J.E.; Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association. Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals. Part 2: Blood pressure measurement in experimental animals: a statement for professionals from the subcommittee of professional and public education of the American Heart Association council on high blood pressure research. Hypertension. 2005;45(2):299–310. DOI: 10.1161/01.HYP. 0000150857.39919.cb.Bohus B. Telemetered heart rate responses of the rat during free and learned behavior. Biotelemetry. 1974;1(4):193–201.Bohus B. Telemetered heart rate responses of the rat during free and learned behavior. Biotelemetry. 1974;1(4):193–201.Diamant M., van Wolfswinkel L., Altorffer B., de Wied D. Biotelemetry: adjustment of a telemetry system for simultaneous measurements of acute heart rate changes and behavioral events in unrestrained rats. Physiol. Behav. 1993;53(6):1121– 1126. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90368-p.Diamant M., van Wolfswinkel L., Altorffer B., de Wied D. Biotelemetry: adjustment of a telemetry system for simultaneous measurements of acute heart rate changes and behavioral events in unrestrained rats. Physiol. Behav. 1993;53(6):1121– 1126. DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(93)90368-p.Eisermann K., Stöhr W. Diurnal Heart Rate Rhythms in Small Mammals: Species-Specific Patterns and Their Environmental Modulation // In: Schmidt T.F.H., Engel B.T., Blümchen G. (eds). Temporal Variations of the Cardiovascular System. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; 1992. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662- 02748-6_3Eisermann K., Stöhr W. Diurnal Heart Rate Rhythms in Small Mammals: Species-Specific Patterns and Their Environmental Modulation // In: Schmidt T.F.H., Engel B.T., Blümchen G. (eds). Temporal Variations of the Cardiovascular System. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg; 1992. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662- 02748-6_3Markert M., Trautmann T., Krause F., Cioaga M., Mouriot S., Wetzel M., Guth B.D. A new telemetry-based system for assessing cardiovascular function in group-housed large animals. Taking the 3Rs to a new level with the evaluation of remote measurement via cloud data transmission. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 2018;93:90–97. DOI: 10.1016/j. vascn.2018.03.006.Markert M., Trautmann T., Krause F., Cioaga M., Mouriot S., Wetzel M., Guth B.D. A new telemetry-based system for assessing cardiovascular function in group-housed large animals. Taking the 3Rs to a new level with the evaluation of remote measurement via cloud data transmission. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 2018;93:90–97. DOI: 10.1016/j. vascn.2018.03.006.Segreti J.A., Polakowski J.S., Blomme E.A., King A.J. Simultaneous measurement of arterial and left ventricular pressure in conscious freely moving rats by telemetry. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 2016;79:23–33. DOI: 10.1016/j. vascn.2016.01.003.Segreti J.A., Polakowski J.S., Blomme E.A., King A.J. Simultaneous measurement of arterial and left ventricular pressure in conscious freely moving rats by telemetry. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 2016;79:23–33. DOI: 10.1016/j. vascn.2016.01.003.Gao Y., Yang J., Wang S. Effects of telemetry implantation surgery on blood pressure and its underlying mechanism. Clin. exp. Hypertens. 2016;38(4):359–364. DOI: 10.3109/ 10641963.2015.1116545.Gao Y., Yang J., Wang S. Effects of telemetry implantation surgery on blood pressure and its underlying mechanism. Clin. exp. Hypertens. 2016;38(4):359–364. DOI: 10.3109/ 10641963.2015.1116545.Kotańska M., Kulig K., Marcinkowska M., Bednarski M., Malawska K., Zaręba P. Metabolic benefits of 1-(3-(4-(otolyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl)pyrrolidin-2-one: a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist. J. Endocrin. Invest. 2018;41(5): 609–619. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0779-7.Kotańska M., Kulig K., Marcinkowska M., Bednarski M., Malawska K., Zaręba P. Metabolic benefits of 1-(3-(4-(otolyl)piperazin-1-yl)propyl)pyrrolidin-2-one: a non-selective α-adrenoceptor antagonist. J. Endocrin. Invest. 2018;41(5): 609–619. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-017-0779-7.To cite this article: Lubos Molcan, Anna Vesela & Michal Zeman. Influences of phase delay shifts of light and food restriction on blood pressure and heart rate in telemetry monitored rats. Biol. Rhythm Res. 2016;47(2):233–246. DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1103945.To cite this article: Lubos Molcan, Anna Vesela & Michal Zeman. Influences of phase delay shifts of light and food restriction on blood pressure and heart rate in telemetry monitored rats. Biol. Rhythm Res. 2016;47(2):233–246. DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2015.1103945.Nicole J., Gentner N.J. Using blood pressure telemetry to assess acute changes in arterial stiffness in rats after nitric oxide synthase inhibition or environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Canad. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 88(9):918–928. DOI: 10.1139/Y10-066.Nicole J., Gentner N.J. Using blood pressure telemetry to assess acute changes in arterial stiffness in rats after nitric oxide synthase inhibition or environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Canad. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 88(9):918–928. DOI: 10.1139/Y10-066.Albrecht M., Henke J., Tacke S., Markert M., Guth B. Effects of isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl on physiological variables continuously measured by telemetry in Wistar rats. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:198. DOI: 10.1186/s12917- 014-0198-3.Albrecht M., Henke J., Tacke S., Markert M., Guth B. Effects of isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl on physiological variables continuously measured by telemetry in Wistar rats. BMC Vet Res. 2014;10:198. DOI: 10.1186/s12917- 014-0198-3.Markert M., Klumpp A., Trautmann T., Mayer K., Stubhan M., Guth B. The value added by measuring myocardial contractility ‘in vivo’ in safety pharmacological profiling of drug candidates. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 2007; 56(2):203-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2007.03.004.Markert M., Klumpp A., Trautmann T., Mayer K., Stubhan M., Guth B. The value added by measuring myocardial contractility ‘in vivo’ in safety pharmacological profiling of drug candidates. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods. 2007; 56(2):203-211. DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2007.03.004.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.