Окклюзионная проба: методы анализа, механизмы реакции, перспективы применения

Проведен поаспектный анализ и обобщение результатов работ, посвященных изучению реакции организма человека на окклюзионную пробу (ОП) с целью формирования модели реакции и определения точек роста новых научных направлений не только в области диагностики, но и терапии. Обсуждаются механизмы реакции, протокол, методы аппаратурной оценки реакции на ОП, роль пробы в диагностике атеросклероза, артериальной гипертензии, сахарного диабета. Анализируется реакция организма на многократную окклюзию, которая потенциально применима в качестве терапевтической процедуры для улучшения микроциркуляции. Сопоставляется информативность методов лазерной допплеровской флоуметрии, фотоплетизмографии, термографии и периферической артериальной тонометрии. В ближайшей перспективе наиболее интенсивное развитие и широкое применение прогнозируется для метода фотоплетизмографии.

окклюзионная проба, дисфункция эндотелия, дистантное ишемическое прекондиционирование, ишемия, гиперемия, лазерная допплеровская флоуметрия, тонометрия, термография, фотоплетизмография, post-occlusive reactive hyperemia test, endothelial dysfunction, remote ischemic preconditioning, ischemia, hyperemia, laser Doppler flowmetry, tonometry, thermography, photoplethysmography

1. Азизов Г. А. Функциональные пробы в оценке степени нарушений микроциркуляции при заболеваниях сосудов нижних конечностей // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. - 2006. - Т. 5. - № 1. - С. 37-43. [Azizov G. Functional tests in the evaluation of the degree of disturbance of microcirculation in diseases of the vessels of the lower limbs. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2006;5(1):37-43 (In Russ.)].

2. Васина Л. В., Петрищев Н. Н., Власов Т. Д. Эндотелиальная дисфункция и ее основные маркеры // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. - 2017. - Т. 16. - № 1. - С. 4-15. [Vasina L., Petrischev N., Vlasov T. Endothelial dysfunction and its main markers. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2017;16(1):4-15. (In Russ.)].

3. Власов С. П., Ильченко М. Ю., Лебедев П. А. и др. Дисфункция эндотелия и артериальная гипертензия. - Самара: Офорт, 2010. - 192 с. [Vlasov S., Ilchenko M., Lebedev P. i dr. Endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Samara: Ophort, 2010:192 p. (In Russ.)].

4. Воловик М. Г., Киселев Д В., Полевая С. А. и др. Влияние многократной локальной ишемии на температурный режим и микроциркуляцию кожи кисти у человека // Физиология человека. - 2015. - Т. 41. - № 4. - С. 100-109. [Volovik M., Kiselev D., Polevaya S. i dr. Influence of multiple local ischemia on the temperature regime and microcirculation of the skin of the hand in humans. Human Physiology. 2015;41(4):100-109 (In Russ.)].

5. Воробьева Е. Н. и др. Дисфункция эндотелия - ключевое звено в патогенезе атеросклероза // Росс. кардиолог. журн. - 2017. - № 2. - С. 84-91. [Vorobyeva E. i dr. Endothelial dysfunction - a key link in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Russian Cardiology Journal. 2017;2:84-91 (In Russ.)].

6. Домашенко М. А., Чечеткин А. О., Суслина З. А. Ультразвуковая оценка дисфункции эндотелия у пациентов в остром периоде ишемического инсульта // Ультразвук. и функцион. диагностика. - 2007. - № 2. - С. 73-81. [Domashenko M., Chechetkin A., Suslina Z. Ultrasound evaluation of endothelial dysfunction in patients in acute period of ischemic stroke. Ultrasonic and functional diagnostics. 2007;2:73-81. (In Russ.)].

7. Дунаев А. В., Егорова А. И., Жеребцов Е. А. и др. Исследование возможностей тепловидения и методов неинвазивной медицинской спектрофотометрии в функциональной диагностике // Фундамент. и приклад. пробл. техники и технол. - 2010. - Т. 2. - № 6. - 284 с. [Dunaev A., Egorova A., Zherebtsov E. i dr. Investigation of thermal imaging capabilities and non-invasive medical spectrophotometry in functional diagnostics Fundamental and Applied Problems of Engineering and Technology. 2010;2(6):284. (In Russ.)].

8. Дунаевская С. С., Винник Ю. С. Развитие эндотелиальной дисфункции при облитерирующем атеросклерозе сосудов нижних конечностей и маркеры прогнозирования течения заболевания // Бюлл. сибир. мед. - 2017. - Т. 16. - № 1. - С. 108-118. [Dunaevskaya S., Vinnik Yu. Development of endothelial dysfunction with obliterating atherosclerosis of lower extremity vessels and markers of the disease course forecasting. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2017;16(1):108-118 (In Russ.)].

9. Киричук В. Ф., Глыбочко П. В., Пономарева А. И. Дисфункция эндотелия. - Саратов: Саратов. мед. ун-т, 2008. - 129 с. [Kirichuk V., Glybochko P., Ponomareva A. Dysfunction of the endothelium. Saratov: Saratov Medical University. 2008. 129 p. (In Russ.)].

10. Козлов В. И., Азизов Г. А., Гурова О. А. и др. Лазерная допплеровская флоуметрия в оценке состояния и расстройств микроциркуляции крови: метод. пособие для врачей. - М., 2012. - 32 с. [Kozlov V., Azizov G., Gurova O. et al. Laser Doppler flowmetry in the evaluation of the condition and disorders of blood microcirculation: a methodical manual for physicians. Moscow, 2012. 32 p. (In Russ.)].

11. Крупаткин А. И., Сидоров В. В. Лазерная допплеровская флоуметрия микроциркуляции крови: рук-во для врачей. - М.:Медицина, 2005. -256с. [Krupatkin A., Sidorov V. Laser Doppler flowmetry of blood microcirculation: a guide for physicians. Moscow: Medicine, 2005. 256 p. (In Russ.)].

12. Крупаткин А. И., Сидоров В. В. Функциональная диагностика состояния микроциркуляторно-тканевых систем: колебания, информация, нелинейность: рук-во для врачей. - М.: Либроком, 2013. - 496 c. [Krupatkin A., Sidorov V. Functional diagnostics of microcirculatory-tissue systems: oscillations, information, nonlinearity: a guide for doctors. Moscow: Librokom, 2013. 496 p. (In Russ.)].

13. Куликов Д. А., Глазков А. А., Ковалева Ю. А. и др. Перспективы использования лазерной допплеровской флоуметрии в оценке кожной микроциркуляции крови при сахарном диабете // Сахарный диабет. - 2017. - Т. 20. - № 4. - С. 279-285. [Kulikov D., Glazkov A., Kovaleva Yu. i dr. Prospects of using laser Doppler flowmetry in assessing skin microcirculation in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus. 2017;20(4):279-285 (In Russ.)].

14. Лямина Н. П. и др. Эндогенная протекция на основе ишемического прекондиционирования: возможности защиты миокарда при эндоваскулярном и восстановительном лечении // Успехи соврем. естествознания. - 2015. - № 1-4. - С. 572-579. [Lyamina N. i dr. Endogenous protection on the basis of ischemic preconditioning: the possibility of protecting the myocardium with endovascular and restorative treatment. Successes of modern natural science. 2015;1- 4:572-579 (In Russ.)].

15. Марков Х. М. Оксид азота и атеросклероз. Оксид азота, дисфункция сосудистого эндотелия и патогенез атеросклероза // Кардиология. - 2009. - Т. 49. - № 11. - С. 64-74. [Markov H. Nitric oxide and atherosclerosis. Nitric oxide, dysfunction of the vascular endothelium and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Cardiology. 2009; 49(11):64- 74 (In Russ.)].

16. Мелкумянц А. М. Механочувствительность артериального эндотелия. - Тверь: Триада, 2005. - 208 с. [Melkumyants A. Mechanosensitivity of arterial endothelium. Tver: Triada, 2005. 208 p. (In Russ.)].

17. Парфенов А. С Ранняя диагностика сердечно сосудистых заболеваний с использованием аппаратнопрограммного комплекса «Ангиоскан-01» // Поликлиника. - 2012. - Т. 2. - С. 70. [Parfenov A. Early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases using the hardware-software complex «Angioskan-01». Polyclinic. 2012;2:70. (In Russ.)].

18. Петрищев Н. Н., Власов Т. Д. Дисфункция эндотелия. Причины, механизмы, фармакологическая коррекция. - СПб.: СПбГМУ, 2003. - 55 с. [Petrishchev N., Vlasov T. Dysfunction of the endothelium. Causes, mechanisms, pharmacological correction. SPb.: St. Petersburg State Medical University, 2003. 55 p. (In Russ.)].

19. Протопопов А. А., Усанов Д. А., Аверьянов А. П. и др. Состояние микроциркуляторного русла у детей с сахарным диабетом 1 типа // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. - 2012. - Т. 11. - № 2. - С. 22-27. [Protopopov A., Usanov D., Averyanov A. et al. The state of the microcirculatory bed in children with type 1 diabetes. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2012;11(2):22-27 (In Russ.)].

20. Сагайдачный А. А., Фомин А. В. Анализ временной производной температурной реакции пальцев рук на плечевую окклюзию и ее взаимосвязь с параметрами гемодинамики // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. - 2017. - Т. 63. - № 3. - С. 31-40. [Sagaidachnyi A., Fomin A. Analysis of the temporal derivative of the temperature reaction of the hands fingers on brachial occlusion and its relationship with the parameters of hemodynamics. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2017;63(3):31-40 (In Russ.)].

21. Сагайдачный А. А., Фомин А. В., Волков И. Ю. Предельные возможности современных тепловизоров, как инструмента для исследования колебаний периферического кровотока человека в различных диапазонах частот // Мед. физика. - 2016. - № 4. - С. 84-93. [Sagaidachnyi A., Fomin A., Volkov I. Limiting possibilities of modern thermal imagers as a tool for studying the oscillations of human peripheral bloodflow in different frequency ranges. Medical Physics. 2016;4:84-93 (In Russ.)].

22. Сагайдачный А. А., Фомин А. В., Скрипаль А. В., Усанов Д. А. Температурные и гемодинамические эффекты при проведении окклюзионной пробы на верхних конечностях здоровых испытуемых: синхронность, вазоконстрикция, вазодилатация // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. - 2017. - Т. 63. - № 4. - С. 27-34. [Sagaidachnyi A., Fomin A., Skripal A., Usanov D. Temperature and hemodynamic effects during occlusion test on the upper extremities of healthy subjects: synchronism, vasoconstriction, vasodilation. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2017;63(4):27-34 (In Russ.)].

23. Сагайдачный А. А., Скрипаль А. В., Фомин А. В., Усанов Д. А. Методика восстановления фотоплетизмограммы в диапазоне эндотелиальных и нейрогенных колебаний по результатам измерений температуры пальцев рук // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. - 2013. - Т. 12. - № 3. - С. 22-28. [Sagaidachnyi A., Skripal A., Fomin A., Usanov D. Technique for restoring the photoplethysmogram in the range of endothelial and neurogenic oscillations according to the results of finger fingers temperature measurements. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2013;12(3):22-28 (In Russ.)].

24. Тихонова И. В., Танканаг А. В., Косякова Н. И., Чемерис Н. К. Возрастные особенности функционирования микроциркуляторного русла кожи человека // Росс. физиолог. журн. им. И. М. Сеченова. - 2005. - Т. 91. - № 10. - С. 1132-1137. [Tikhonova I., Tankanag A., Kosyakova N., Chemeris N. Age features of functioning of microcirculatory bed of human skin. Russian Journal of Physiology named after I. M. Sechenov. 2005:91(10):4132-1137 (In Russ.)].

25. Тихонова И. В., Танканаг А. В., Чемерис Н. К. Динамика амплитуд колебаний периферического кровотока в процессе развития постокклюзионной реактивной гиперемии у условно-здоровых добровольцев // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. - 2009. - Т. 1. - № 29. - С. 31-35. [Tikhonova I., Tankanag A., Chemeris N. Dynamics of the amplitude of oscillations of peripheral bloodflow in the process of development of post occlusive reactive hyperemia in conditionally healthy volunteers. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2009;1(29):31-35 (In Russ.)].

26. Усанов Д. А., Скрипаль А. В., Протопопов А. А. и др. Оценка функционального состояния кровеносных сосудов по анализу температурной реакции на окклюзионную пробу // Саратов. науч.-мед. журн. - 2009. - № 4. - С. 554-558. [Usanov D., Skripal A., Protopopov A. et al. Evaluation of the functional state of blood vessels from the analysis of the temperature response to the occlusal test. Saratov Journal of Medical Scientific Research. 2009;4:554-558 (In Russ.)].

27. Федорович А. А. Неинвазивная оценка вазомоторной и метаболической функции микрососудистого эндотелия в коже человека // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. - 2013. - Т. 12. - № 2. - С. 15-25. [Fedorovich A. Noninvasive evaluation of vasomotor and metabolic function of microvascular endothelium in human skin. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2013; 12(2):15-25 (In Russ.)].

28. Федорович А. А. Функциональное состояние регуляторных механизмов микроциркуляторного кровотока в норме и при артериальной гипертензии по данным лазерной допплеровской флоуметрии // Регионарное кровообращение и микроциркуляция. - 2010. - Т. 9. - № 1. - С. 49-60. [Fedorovich A. Functional state of regulatory mechanisms of microcirculatory bloodflow in norm and with arterial hypertension according to laser Doppler flowmetry data. Regional blood circulation and microcirculation. 2010;9(1):49-60 (In Russ.)].

29. Чуйко Е. С. и др. Белки эритроцитов и мембраны у больных ишемической болезнью сердца: ответ на ишемическое воздействие // Сибир. мед. журн. - 2015. - Т. 138. - № 7. - С. 101-104. [Chuiko E. et al. Proteins of erythrocytes and membranes in patients with ischemic heart disease: response to ischemic effects. Siberian Medical Journal. 2015;138(7):101-104 (In Russ.)].

30. Abdul-Ghani S, Fleishman A, Khaliulin I, et al. Remote ischemic preconditioning triggers changes in autonomic nervous system activity: implications for cardioprotection. Physiological reports. 2017;5(3).e13085. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13085.

31. Abramson DI (Ed.) Circulation in the Extremities. Academic Press. 1967;229-259.

32. Anderson EA, Mark AL. Flow-mediated and reflex changes in large peripheral artery tone in humans. Circulation. 1989;79(1):93-100. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.79.1.93.

33. Agewall S, Doughty RN, Bagg W et al. Comparison of ultrasound assessment of flow-mediated dilatation in the radial and brachial artery with upper and forearm cuff positions. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging. 2001;21(1):9-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00302.x.

34. Ahmadi N, Hajsadeghi F, Gul K et al. Relations between digital thermal monitoring of vascular function, the Framingham risk score, and coronary artery calcium score. Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. 2008;2(6):382-388. doi: 10.1016/j.jcct.2008.09.001.

35. Akhtar MW, Kleis SJ, Metcalfe RW, Naghavi M. Sensitivity of digital thermal monitoring parameters to reactive hyperemia. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 2010;132(5):051005. doi: 10.1115/1.4001137.

36. Anderson TJ, Uehata A, Gerhard MD, et al. Close relation of endothelial function in the human coronary and peripheral circulations. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1995;26(5):1235-1241. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00327-4.

37. Antonios TFT, et al. Structural skin capillary rarefaction in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1999;33(4):998-1001. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.33.4.998.

38. Bayliss WM. On the local reactions of the arterial wall to changes of internal pressure. The Journal of physiology. 1902;28(3):220-231.

39. Black MA, Cable NT, Thijssen DH, Green DJ. Importance of measuring the time course of flow-mediated dilatation in humans. Hypertension. 2008;51:203-210. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.101014.

40. Bonetti PO, Pumper GM, Higano ST, et al. Noninasive identification of patients with early coronary atherosclerosis by assessment of digital reactive hyperemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:2137-2141. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.08.062.

41. B0ttcher M. Madsen MM, Refsgaard J, et al. Peripheral flow response to transient arterial forearm occlusion does not reflect myocardial perfusion reserve. Circulation. 2001;103(8):1109-1114. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.103.8.1109.

42. Cai H, Harrison DG. Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: the role of oxidant stress. Circulation research. 2000;87(10):840-844. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.87.10.840.

43. Celermajer DS. Reliable endothelial function testing: at our fingertips? Circulation. 2008;117(19):2428-2430. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.775155.

44. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, et al. Noninvasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. The lancet. 1992;340(8828):1111-1115. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-F.

45. Cohnheim J. Untersuchungen ueber die Embolische Processe. Hirschwald, Berlin. 1872.

46. Corretti MC, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA. Technical aspects of evaluating brachial artery vasodilatation using high-frequency ultrasound. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 1995;268(4):H1397-H1404. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.4.H1397.

47. Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2002;39(2):257-265. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01746-6.

48. Cook S, Hugli O, Egli M, et al. Partial Gene Deletion of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Predisposes to Exaggerated High-Fat Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance and Arterial Hypertension. Diabetes. 2004;53(8):2067-2072. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.53.8.2067.

49. Cooke JP, Tsao PS. Go with the flow. Circulation. 2001;103(23):2773-2775. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.103.23.2773.

50. Dhindsa M, Sommerlad SM, DeVan AE, et al. Interrelationships among noninvasive measures of postischemic macro- and microvascular reactivity. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2008;105(2):427-432. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90431.2008.

51. Doshi SN, Payne N, Jones CJ, et al. Flow-mediated dilatation following wrist and upper arm occlusion in humans: the contribution of nitric oxide. Clinical Science. 2001;101(6):629-635. doi: 10.1042/cs1010629.

52. Engelke KA, Halliwill JR, Proctor DN, et al. Contribution ofnitric oxide and prostaglandins to reactive hyperemia in the human forearm. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1996;81(4):1807-1814. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.4.1807.

53. Errico C, Pierre J, Pezet S, et al. Ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy for deep super-resolution vascular imaging. Nature. 2015;527(7579):499. doi: 10.1038/nature16066.

54. Esper RJ, et al. Endothelial dysfunction: a comprehensive appraisal. Cardiovascular diabetology 2006;5(1):4. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-5-4.

55. Feletou M, Vanhoutte PM. EDHF: new therapeutic targets? Pharmacological Research. 2004;49(6):565-580. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2003.10.017.

56. Frick P, Mizeva I, Podtaev S. Skin temperature variations as a tracer of microvessel tone. Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 2015;21:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bspc.2015.04.014.

57. Fronek A, Johansen K, Dilley RB, Bernstein EF. Ultrasonographically monitored postocclusive reactive hyperemia in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Circulation. 1973;48(1):149-152. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.48.1.149.

58. Furchgott RF., Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 1980;288(5789):373-376. doi: 10.1038/288373a0.

59. Furchgott RF. Role of endothelium in responses of vascular smooth muscle. Circulation research. 1983;53(5):557-573. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.53.5.557.

60. Gimbrone MA. Vascular endothelium: an integrator of pathophysiologic stimuli in atherosclerosis. The American journal of cardiology. 1995;75(6):67B-70B. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.06.006.

61. Gul KM, Ahmadi N, Wang Z, et al. Digital thermal monitoring of vascular function: a novel tool to improve cardiovascular risk assessment. Vascular Medicine. 2009; 14(2):143-148. doi: 10.1177/1358863X08098850.

62. Hanssler L, Hendricks O, Ranft J, Blank M. Reactive hyperemia after arterial occlusion: comparison of infrared telethermography and laser Doppler flowmetry. VASA. Zeitschrift fur Gefasskrankheiten. 1995;24(2):148-154.

63. Hausenloy DJ, Kharbanda R, Schmidt M. Effect of remote ischaemic conditioning on clinical outcomes in patients presenting with an ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. European heart journal. 2015;36(29):1846-1848.

64. Henrich WL. The endothelium - a key regulator of vascular tone. The American journal of the medical sciences. 1991;302(5):319-328.

65. Higashi Y. Assessment of endothelial function. International heart journal. 2015;56(2):125-134. doi: 10.1536/ihj.14-385.

66. Higashi Y, Yoshizumi M. New methods to evaluate endothelial function: method for assessing endothelial function in humans using a strain-gauge plethysmography: nitric oxide-dependent and -independent vasodilation. Journal of pharmacological sciences. 2003;93(4):399-404. doi: 10.1254/jphs.93.399.

67. Janjua GMW, Hadia R, Guldenring D, et al. Heartrate Variability Comparison Between Electrocardiogram, Photoplethysmogram and Ballistic Pulse Waveforms at Fiducial Points. In Precision Medicine Powered by pHealth and Connected Health. Springer, Singapore. 2018;66:171-177. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-7419-6_29.

68. Jarm T, Kragelj R, Liebert A, et al. Postocclusive reactive hyperemia in healthy volunteers and patients with peripheral vascular disease measured by three noninvasive methods. In Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXIV. Springer, Boston, MA. 2003;661-669. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0075-9_66.

69. Joannides R, Haefeli WE, Linder L, et al. Nitric oxide is responsible for flow-dependent dilatation of human peripheral conduit arteries in vivo. Circulation. 1995;91(5):1314-1319. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.91.5.1314.

70. Jones H, Hopkins N, Bailey TG, et al. Seven-day remote ischemic preconditioning improves local and systemic endothelial function and microcirculation in healthy humans. American journal of hypertension. 2014;27(7):918-925. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpu004.

71. Kamshilin AA, Miridonov S, Teplov V et al. Photoplethysmographic imaging ofhigh spatial resolution. Biomedical Optics Express. 2011;2(4):2996-1006. doi: 10.1364/BOE.2.000996.

72. Kellogg DL. In vivo mechanisms of cutaneous vasodilation and vasoconstriction in humans during thermoregulatory challenges. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2006;100(5):1709-1718. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01071.2005.

73. Khan F, Patterson D, Belch JJ, et al. Relationship between peripheral and coronary function using laser Doppler imaging and transthoracic echocardiography. Clinical Science. 2008;115(9):295-300. doi: 10.1042/CS20070431.

74. Koller A, Kaley G. Endothelial regulation of wall shear stress and blood flow in skeletal muscle microcirculation. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 1991;260(3):H862-H868. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1991.260.3.H862.

75. Kuvin JT, Patel AR, Sliney KA, et al. Assessment of peripheral vascular endothelial function with finger arterial pulse wave amplitude. American heart journal. 2003;146(1):168-174. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00094-2.

76. Lehoux S, Castier Y, Tedgui A. Molecular mechanisms ofthe vascular responses to haemodynamic forces. Journal of internal medicine. 2006;259(4):381-392. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01624.x.

77. Lewis T, Grant R. Observations Upon Reactive Hyperemia in Man. Heart. 1925;12(7.3).

78. Ley O, Dhindsa M, Sommerlad SM, et al. Use of temperature alterations to characterize vascular reactivity. Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 2011;31(1):66-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-097X.2010.00981.x.

79. Maruhashi T, Soga J, Fujimura N, et al. Nitroglycerine-Induced Vasodilationfor Assessment of Vascular Function Significance. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2013;33(6):1401-1408. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.112.300934.

80. Matsuo S, Matsumoto T, Takashima H, et al. The relationship between flow-mediated brachial artery vasodilation and coronary vasomotor responses to bradykinin: comparison with those to acetylcholine. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology. 2004;44(2):164-170.

81. Miura H, Wachtel RE, Liu Y, et al. Flow-induced dilation ofhuman coronary arterioles. Circulation. 2001;103(15):1992-1998. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.103.15.1992.

82. Mizeva I, Di Maria C, Frick P, et al. Quantifying the correlation between photoplethysmography and laser Doppler flowmetry microvascular low-frequency oscillations. Journal of biomedical optics. 2015;20(3):037007-037007. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.20.3.037007.

83. Monnink SH, Tio RA, Veeger NJ, et al. Exercise-induced ischemia after successful percutaneous coronary intervention is related to distal coronary endothelial dysfunction. Journal of investigative medicine. 2003;51(4):221.

84. Moro L, Pedone C, Mondi A. Effect of local and remote ischemic preconditioning on endothelial function in young people and healthy or hypertensive elderly people. Atherosclerosis. 2011;219(2):750-752. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.08.046.

85. Mulinos MG, Shulman I. Vasoconstriction in the hand from a deep inspiration. Am. J. Physiol. 1939;125(2):310-322. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1939.125.2.310.

86. Naghavi M, Yen AA, Lin AW. New Indices of Endothelial Function Measured by Digital Thermal Monitoring of Vascular Reactivity: Data from 6084 Patients Registry. International journal of vascular medicine. 2016;2016:1348028. doi: 10.1155/2016/1348028.

87. Ninet J, Fronek A. Cutaneous postocclusive reactive hyperemia monitored by laser Dopplerflux metering and skin temperature. Microvascular research. 1985;30(1):125-132. doi: 10.1016/0026-2862(85)90044-5.

88. Nohria A, Gerhard-HermanM, Creager MA, et al. Role of nitric oxide in the regulation ofdigital pulse volume amplitude in humans. Journal of applied physiology. 2006;101(2):545548. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01285.2005.

89. Przyklenk K, Whittaker P. Remote ischemic preconditioning: current knowledge, unresolved questions, and future priorities. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics. 2011;16(3-4):255-259. doi: 10.1177/1074248411409040.

90. Pyke KE, Hartnett JA, Tschakovsky ME. Are the dynamic response characteristics of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation sensitive to the magnitude of increase in shear stimulus? J Appl Physiol. 2008;105(1):282-292. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01190.2007.

91. Raitakari OT, Seale JP, Celermajer DS. Impaired vascular responses to nitroglycerin in subjects with coronary atherosclerosis. The American journal of cardiology. 2001;87(2):217-219.

92. Roustit M, Cracowski J. Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods. Microcirculation. 2012;19(1):47-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2011.00129.x.

93. Roustit M, Simmons GH, Baguet JP, et al. Discrepancy between simultaneous digital skin microvascular and brachial artery macrovascular post-occlusive hyperemia in systemic sclerosis. The Journal of rheumatology. 2008;35(8):1576-1583.

94. Sagaidachnyi АА, Skripal AV, Fomin AV, Usanov DA. Determination of the amplitude and phase relationships between oscillations in skin temperature and photoplethysmography-measured bloodflow in fingertips. Physiological measurement. 2014;35(2). doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/35/2/153.

95. Sagaidachnyi AA, Fomin AV, Usanov DA, Skripal AV. Thermography-based bloodflow imaging in human skin of the hands and feet: A Spectral-Filtering Approach. Physiological measurement. 2017;38(2):272. doi: 10.1088/1361-6579/aa4eaf

96. Schachinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse longterm outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2000; 101(16):1899-1906. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.101.16.1899.

97. Scully CG, Lee J, Meyer J, et al. Physiological parameter monitoring from optical recordings with a mobile phone. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 2012;59(2):303-306. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2163157.

98. Seifalian AM, Stansby G, Jackson A, et al. Comparison of laser Doppler perfusion imaging, laser Doppler flowmetry, and thermographic imaging for assessment of bloodflow in human skin. European journal of vascular surgery. 1994;8(1):65-69. doi: 10.1016/S0950-821X(05)80123-9.

99. Selvaraj N, Jaryal AK, Santhosh J, et al. Monitoring of reactive hyperemia usingphotoplethysmographicpulse amplitude and transit time. Journal of clinical monitoring and computing. 2009;23(5):315-322. doi: 10.1007/s10877-009-9199-3.

100. Selvaraj N, Jaryal A, Santhosh J, et al. Assessment of heart rate variability derived from finger-tip photoplethysmography as compared to electrocardiography. Journal of medical engineering & technology. 2008;32(6):479-484. doi: 10.1080/03091900701781317.

101. Stikbakke E, Mercer JB. An Infrared Thermographic And Laser Doppler Flowmetric Investigation of Skin Perfusion In The Forearm and Finger Tip Following A Short Period of Vascular Stasis. Thermology international. 2008;18:107-111.

102. Strucl M, Peterec D, Finderle Z, Maver J. Pressure sensitivity of flow oscillations in postocclusive reactive skin hyperemia. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 1994;266(5):H1762-H1768.

103. Svensson H, Jonsson BA. Laser Doppler flowmetry during hyperaemic reactions in the skin. International journal of microcirculation, clinical and experimental. 1988;7(1):87-96.

104. Takase B, Uehata A, Akima T, et al. Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation in coronary and brachial arteries in suspected coronary artery disease. The American journal of cardiology. 1998;82(12):1535-1539. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(98)00702-4.

105. Tarjan J, Nagy L, Kovacs I, et al. Flow mediated change of finger-tip-temperature in patients with high cardiovascular risk. Cardiology Hungarica. 2005;35:11-16.

106. Tee GBY, Rasool AHG, Halim AS, Rahman ARA. Dependence of human forearm skin postocclusive reactive hyperemia on occlusion time. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods. 2004;50(1):73-78. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2004.02.002.

107. Tee GBY, Rasool AHG, Halim AS, Rahman ARA. Reproducibility of different laser Doppler fluximetry parameters of postocclusive reactive hyperemia in human forearm skin. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods. 2005;52(2):286-292. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2004.11.003.

108. Thijssen DH, Dawson EA, Black MA, et al. Heterogeneity in conduit artery function in humans: impact of arterial size. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;295:H1927-H1934.

109. Thijssen DH, Black MA, Pyke KE, et al. Assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans: a methodological and physiological guideline. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2011;300(1):H2-H12. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00471.2010.

110. Tibirica E, et al. Endothelial function in patients with type 1 diabetes evaluated by skin capillary recruitment. Microvascular research. 2007;73(2):107-112. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2006.11.004.

111. Vainer BG, Markel AL. Systemic vascular response to brachial arteries crossclamping may prognosticate the outcome of remote ischemic preconditioning. Medical hypotheses. 2015;84(4):298-300. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.013.

112. Vainer BG, Morozov VV. Infrared Thermography-based Biophotonics: Integrated Diagnostic Technique for Systemic Reaction Monitoring. Physics Procedia. 2017;86:81-85. doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2017.01.025.

113. Verma S, Anderson TJ. Fundamentals of endothelial function for the clinical cardiologist. Circulation. 2002;105(5):546-549. doi: 10.1161/hc0502.104540.

114. Volkov MV, Kostrova DA, Margaryants NB, et al. Evaluation of blood microcirculation parameters by combined use of laser Doppler flowmetry and videocapillaroscopy methods. Proc. SPIE10336, Saratov Fall Meeting 2016: Optical Technologies in Biophysics and Medicine XVIII. doi: 10.1117/12.2267955.

115. Wang CZ, Zheng YP. Comparison between reflectionmode photoplethysmography and arterial diameter change detected by ultrasound at the region of radial artery. Blood pressure monitoring. 2010;15(4):213-219. doi: 10.1097/MBP.0b013e328338aada.

116. Webb RC, Bonifas AP, Behnaz A, et al. Ultrathin conformal devicesfor precise and continuous thermal characterization of human skin. Nature Materials. 2013;12:938-944. doi: 10.1038/nmat3755.

117. West SG. Effect of diet on vascular reactivity: an emerging marker for vascular risk. Current atherosclerosis reports. 2001;3(6):446-455. doi: 10.1007/s11883-001-0034-7

118. Wong BJ, Wilkins BW, Holowatz LA, Minson CT. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition does not alter the reactive hyperemic response in the cutaneous circulation. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2003;95(2):504-510. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00254.2003.

119. Wood JE, Litter J, Wilkins RW. The mechanism of limb segment reactive hyperemia in man. Circulation research. 1955;3(6):581-587. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.3.6.581.

120. Zahedi E, Jaafar R, Ali MM, et al. Finger photoplethysmogram pulse amplitude changes induced by flow-mediated dilation. Physiological measurement. 2008;29(5):625. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/29/5/008.