The liver is one of the most significant organs of regulation of vital processes in the human body. The basis of coordination of metabolic processes is the blood vessel vascular bed of the liver. According to most researchers, it is the consequence of hemodynamic disorders that are the metabolic disorders that are caused and then maintained by tissue hypoxia. Modern ideas about the morphofunctional organization of the vascular bed of the liver are necessary for physicians of practical medical practice dealing with both the diagnosis of the degree of changes and the treatment of the organs of the hepato-gastro-duodenal region. Of particular practical interest for surgical interventions in the hepatobiliary zone is the knowledge of options for the formation of arteries of the liver.

The possibilities of modern non-invasive methods of studying microcirculation in humans allow you to immerse yourself in the world of fundamental physiological processes on the opposite heart to the «pole» of the cardiovascular system and to obtain data that were previously inaccessible to researchers. For example, laser Doppler flowmetry and computer capillaroscopy make it possible to obtain information on the vasomotor activity of resistive precapillary arterial and capillary sphincters that regulate the flow of blood to the exchange unit. This mechanism ensures the exchange of water-soluble and low-molecular substances and is determined by parameters of hemodynamics. The review briefly analyzes the main structural and functional aspects of the microvascular bed of the skin, which must be taken into account when conducting non-invasive studies of the microcirculation system in humans.

The aim of the study is to describe the temperature and hemodynamic effects that occur during the pressure cuff test (CT). Materials and methods. The reaction to CT has been studied by thermography, photoplethysmography, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound dopplerography. Results. At rest oscillations in skin temperature and hemodynamics of the left and right hands were synchronous. During occlusion a vasoconstriction of arteries below the cuff occurred, the blood being deposited in the venous bed. The opening of the sweat channels on the fingers of the subjects during the application and/or removal of occlusion was recorded for the first time. Conclusions. Occlusion leads to a transition from the oscillatory regime of changes in the tonus of the vessels of the shoulder and hand to the regime of vasoconstriction, and after the removal of occlusion - to vasodilation.

Introduction. High prevalence and a poor prognosis of obliterating atherosclerosis of lower extremity arteries make the comprehensive study of the disease as a pressing issue. Aim of the study. To reveal features of functional state of lower extremities skin microcirculation (MC) in patients with intermittent claudication (IC). Material and methods. Microcirculation in 75 patients with IC and 15 healthy subjects was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry. Results. In IC patients compared to healthy people significant decrease in nutritive blood flow by 25.9 % was detected as well as activation of arterio-venous blood shunting (+45.6 %) with venous congestion that causes worsening in blood rheology abnormalities. Conclusion. The detected shifts in MC lead to the progression of functional insufficiency in peripheral blood flow.

The aim of the work was to explore the capabilities of LDF method in studying the human skin blood and lymph microcirculation. Materials and methods. It was assumed that analyzing LDF signals in different frequency ranges of the Doppler shift allows the evaluation of the motion of various scattering particles. Results and discussion. When conducting functional tests, the reverse reaction of the microcirculation index in the low frequency ranges was observed in comparison with the high-frequency ones. Additional differences were obtained in the wavelet analysis of LDF signals. Conclusions. The proposed approach with division into frequency ranges proved useful in the joint study of microhemo- and lymphocirculation.

Introduction and purpose. The leading role in the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (CHF) belongs to disturbances in the vascular endothelium. The aim of this work is the identification and analysis of the responses of the microvascular endothelium in patients with CHF, depending on the ejection fraction. Methods. We have examined 280 patients with CHF. Analysis of the reactivity of the endothelium of microvessels was carried out using laser Doppler flowmetry. Results. We have identified 3 types of response of the microvascular endothelium, thus all responses were decrement. Patients with CHF with reduced ejection fraction of the left ventricle was the predominant hyporeactive-decrement type response of the vascular endothelium. Conclusions. Results indicate torpidity of microvascular endothelium and the unidirectionality of the processes state changes of the vascular endothelium with a reduction in myocardial contractile function.

Introduction and the purpose of the work. The perfusion of isolated laboratory animal organs is important for estimation of the effectiveness of methods elaborated for donor organ preservation. Materials and methods. Hemoperfusion of isolated rat kidney was performed after long-term hypothermal ischemia in order to reproduce reperfusion for the subsequent estimation of morphological changes in the cloth of nephritic parenchyma. Results. This method proved to be effective and technically simpler than different modifications of the classical procedure of kidney transplantation in small laboratory animals. Conclusions. The proposed procedure is an alternative to the classical kidney transplantation if reperfusion is required in an acute experiment for several hours.

Introduction. A considerable physical load can lead to the damage of various organs and systems including the system of the microcirculatory bloodstream. Materials and methods. The experimental groups of animals were exposed to 4-hour and 8-hour physical load. The state of the microcirculatory bloodstream was examined by means of laser Doppler flowmetry. Results. 4-hour physical load did not cause any reduction of the microcirculation parameter in rats. 8-hour physical load led to a decrease of the microcirculation parameter and further reduction of flux parameter. Conclusions. Such changes of microcirculation parameters can be one of the symptoms of development of the state of thrombotic readiness and high risk of thrombosis in rats after 8-hour physical load.

Objectives. The aim of the study was to investigate of the effect of administration of Notrombel, (one of the representatives of a new class of compounds, N,N'-substituted piperazines), on systemic hemodynamics and thrombin tolerance. Material and methods. The effect of daily intragastric administration for 14 days of Notrombel (0.01 mM/kg) and ASA (0.01 mM/kg) on the risk of spontaneous hemorrhages and thrombin tolerance (intravenous bolus thrombin administration at a dose of 50 units NIH/kg) was studied in male Wistar rats. The number of circulating platelets was determined before and 5 minutes after thrombin administration. The concentration of fibrinogen after 30 min was determined by the gravimetric method according to Rutberg R. A. Results. With the daily intragastric administration of Notrombel and ASA, spontaneous hemorrhages and increased bleeding were not observed. Blood pressure and heart rate did not differ from the control animals. Intravenous administration of thrombin caused thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia in all experimental animals. The severity of hypofibrinogenemia after thrombin administration was significantly less in rats treated with Notrombel (0.01 mM/kg) and ASA (0.01 mM/kg) than in the control group. There were no differences between Notreblel and ASA groups. Conclusions. Daily intragastric administration of Notrombel and ASA for 14 days did not cause spontaneous hemorrhages and were not associated with any adverse hemodynamic effect. Both Notrombel and ASA increased tolerance to thrombin. These data broaden the currently available knowledge related to the antithrombotic action of Notrombel.

Objective. The lymphatic network participates in the launch and development of an immune response. From an immunological point of view, the lymph flow, provided by active contractions of the lymphatic vessels, is the process of delivering antigens and antigen-presenting cells to the lymph nodes. The purpose of this study is to study the non-genomic effects and mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids, which are natural immunomodulators, on the transport function of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. Materials and methods. Bovine mesenteric afferent lymphatic vessels 1.2-1.5 mm in diameter and lymph nodes were used for the study. The contractile activity of isolated lymphatic vessels and capsules of lymph nodes under the action of glucocorticoids in vitro were studied. Agonists and antagonists of signaling pathways were used to determine the mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids on smooth muscle cells. Results and their discussion. Glucocorticoids in therapeutic concentrations increase the tone of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, increase in frequency and a decrease the amplitude of phase contractions. It is shown that glucocorticoids stimulate α-adrenoreceptors of smooth muscle cells due to the increase in their affinity. Glucocorticoids activate in the smooth muscle cells the RhoA / ROCK signaling pathway and inhibit the synthesis of endothelial vasodilators - NO and prostacyclin. The revealed changes in the contractile function of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes under the action of glucocorticoids underlie the modulation of glucocorticoid transport of lymph and the speed of delivery to the lymph nodes of antigens and antigen-presenting cells, i.e. regulation of immune responses. Conclusions. Non-genomic effects and mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids on the contractile function of lymphatic vessels and nodes have been studied. Glucocorticoids activate smooth muscle cells of lymphatic vessels and nodes by stimulating α-adrenoreceptors, and also inhibit the production of NO and prostacyclin.

The article contains recollections of the teacher covering the period from the beginning of development and the formation of intravital microcirculation studies in our country started in the late 70s of the last century in the Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, the institute director, an outstanding pathophysiologist, organizer of medical science, the vice-president of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, the USSR State Prize laureate, Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR Alexei Mikhailovich Chernukh.