There is an increase in morbidity and mortality from diseases of the circulatory system in recent years in our country. The most serious medical and social problem is the difficulty of timely diagnosis and necessary volume of medical care in patients with various heart diseases. Among the working population, most of these diseases accounted for coronary heart disease, which is associated with the development of coronary artery pathology and insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle. Classifications proposed by followers of different medical schools - anatomists and diagnosticians - do not provide a single view of the structure and organization of normal blood supply to the heart because of conflicting views. So we need to develop a common approach for determining evaluation criteria to architectonics of coronary vessels, types of angioarchitectonics and distribution of blood vessels of the heart, which has a positive impact both on the analysis of the results of diagnostic studies and selection of treatment and treatment outcomes and quality of life of these patients.

In this review we describe and critically analyze the experimental models of venous thrombosis in rats and mice. The most commonly used models are stasis, stenosis, application of saline solutions (ferric chloride) and electrolytic model, which allow getting good reproducibility of venous thrombosis in small experimental animals. All of them allow us to study mechanisms of thrombus formation. In particular, microvascular thrombosis models allowing real-time observation and study of cellular mechanisms of thrombus growth. Recently, ultrasound imaging was used in preclinical studies on effectiveness of new anticoagulants. It allows observing and measuring thrombus in the process of its formation and after the administration of test compounds. The review provides data on gender differences and the characteristics of methods that can influence the nature of initiation of thrombus formation, the time of observation and the obtaining parameters.

The study involved 92 patients with hemodynamically significant stenosis of the internal carotid artery. All patients underwent open reconstructive surgery on the internal carotid artery, after which the dynamics were assessed level of autoantibodies to the NR2A-subunit of the NMDA-glutamate receptor-linked immunosorbent retrospective method. Impairment of cerebral blood flow during cross-clamping of the internal carotid artery during surgery is a factor that objectively weigh down the extent of hypoxia in the affected vascular beds and enhancing the degree of alteration of NMDA-glutamate receptors. Intensity of alteration NMDA-glutamate receptors depends on the compression of the internal carotid artery and the potential structural and functional compensation of cerebral blood flow. Reactions NMDA-receptors recess existing ischemia develops quickly in real time.

Introduction and Purpose. Hypertension leads to vascular remodeling, due to increase in stiffness and reduced elasticity of the vascular wall. The aim was to examine the structural-functional changes of the infrarenal aorta (IA) in patients with hypertension and post-myocardial infarction using pulsed-wave tissue Doppler. Materials and Methods. A total of 178 patients (91 men and 87 women aged 35-68 years) with hypertension 1,2,3 degree and after myocardial infarction based in the trial. The pulsed-wave tissue Doppler estimates time and velocities values of the front wall and back wall motion of the IA. Results and discussion. Data time and velocities values of the front wall and back wall motion of the IA are obtained at surveyed categories of persons based on sexual differences. Findings.Time and velocities values of the wall motion of the IA provide to judge of changes in elasticity of the IA in hypertension.

The Multifunctional acute phase's protein - C-reactive protein (CRP) is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. It's elevated concentrations significantly predict atherothrombotic events and consequences of myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of the work was to determine the relationship of CRP levels and clinical course of MI during in-hospital stay. Article presents data of hospital charts of 309 patients with MI treated in the St. Petersburg Research Institute for emergency medical care from January to May 2012. Patients were divided into 2 groups. The first one (I) includes 66 patients with MI and CRP level less than 5 mg/l, the second group (II) - 243 patients with CRP greater than 5 mg/l. In II group significantly more frequent Q-myocardial infarction occurred as well as postinfarction angina, recurrent myocardial infarction and heart failure. Hospital mortality among these patients was significantly higher.

The article presents a records analysis of 89 patients who underwent high amputations of the lower extremities due to obliterating atherosclerosis and gangrene at the Department Of Suppurative-Septic Diseases of a municipal hospital in Saint-Petersburg. Patients with diabetes-mediated microangiopathologic disorder were compared to patient without carbohydrate metabolism disorders by the following criteria: incidence of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, postoperative wound complications, hospital mortality rates. It was found that most of the disease symptoms in patients with obliterating atherosclerosis accompanied by diabetes mellitus were manifested more severely compared to the age-matched patients with obliterating atherosclerosis alone. A prospective randomized controlled study was conducted to assess the efficacy of systemic enzyme therapy by using Phlogenzym and thus improving microcirculation by means of its blood rheologic properties enhancing and antiinflammatory effects for prophylaxis of postoperative complications in patients with high amputations of the lower extremities. In the study, 60 patients were divided into two groups: group 1 included 30 patients receiving a standard therapy following a hip-level amputation of the lower extremity (control group); group 2 included 30 patients treated with Phlogenzym in addition to the standard therapy during the postoperative period (main group). A number of clinical parameters were evaluated: specifics of postoperative wound healing, edema of postoperative wound, dynamics of pain syndrome, local and systemic complications. Phlogenzym was found to be highly effective during the postoperative period when applied to patients with high amputations of the lower extremities and proved to reduce the incidence of both local and systemic postoperative complications, duration of antibacterial therapy and administration of analgetics.

The objective. To study the basic parameters of microcirculation in patients with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) with the activity of the disease. Materials and methods. Two groups of patients with chronic viral hepatitis: first group comprised 44 patients with normal levels of alanine transferase, second group - 81 patients with elevated levels of the enzyme. The indicators of basal blood flow and regulation of microcirculation were assessed using laser Doppler flowmetry. Main results and discussion. In both groups, patients with CVH had reduced microcirculation index and standard deviation (sigma). The coefficient of variation was reduced only in the 2nd group, which may indicate a deeper modulation of microcirculation in these patients. Analysis of passive mechanisms regulating microcirculation revealed a significant reduction in the amplitude of the pulse and respiratory waves in all patients with CVH. The analysis of active regulatory mechanisms revealed elevation of myogenic tone and increase in the microvascular shunting in patients with active hepatitis. Both groups also decreased non-normalized amplitude of the oscillations of endothelial origin. Conclusions. The characteristics of the microcirculation in patients with CVH are: reduction of tissue perfusion, reduced variability of microhemodynamics and increased myogenic microvascular tone with increased shunting through the anastomoses in patients with active hepatitis.

The close relationship between the gout and the cardiovascular disorder has no doubt. However the effect of uric acid on microcirculation disorders in this category of patients is still poorly studied. The aim of this research was to learn the contribution of gout in the disturbance of peripheral blood flow and adaptation reserve of microcirculation system in patients with cardiovascular disorders, as well as to evaluate the possibility of their correction using methods of efferent therapy. During the first stage 60 patients with hypertensive and coronary artery heart diseases associated with primary gout were examined. The comparison group consisted of 70 patients with hypertensive and coronary artery heart diseases, without concomitant gout, matched by sex, age and cardiovascular disease duration flow. The high-frequency ultrasound dopplerography and a complex of functional tests (postural, hypercapnic, hyperventilation, cold) were used to estimate the state of microcirculation. During the second stage 28 patients with steadily progressive course of the gout were examined to evaluate the effect of the combination of plasmapheresis with plasma exchange cryosorption autoplasma. Observable parameters were determined before and after the course of efferent therapy. It was found that patients with cardiovascular disease have disturbed exchange purines which corresponds to more expressed distress regional hemodynamics. Disorders of regulation processes of tissue blood flow might be mediated by hyperuricemia. Course application of Extracorporeal Hemacorrection is not only an effective method of reducing uric acid, but also can significantly improve the speed performance of the microcirculation and increase its adaptive reserve.

Skin microcirculation is accessible for the observation and its parameter registration. However, it is not clear if the alterations of the skin microvascular flow is a typical response of the microcirculatory system of the whole organism. In order to investigate this problem an analysis of the microcirculation using biomicroscopy and Laser Doppler Imaging (LDI) was completed. The study was carried out in three groups of individuals who performs the bike ergometer exercise of the different intensity. There was 30-50 % rise of the skin microcirculation according to LDI research method together with an increase of the function density of capillaries (FDC). It was shown that the skin microcirculatory increase was accompanied by the similar exercise intensity changes. Some correlations between heart rate increase and the values of skin microcirculation corroborated a hypothesis about the common character of the microcirculatory adaptive responses in organism. Taken together the obtained data showed that the skin microcirculatory alterations under exercise can be as a model of common microcirculatory responses of organism on various stimuli.

Background and aim. The long-term effects and final outcome of cerebral ischemia is determined in large extent by functional status of cerebral hemodynamics. In the current study we investigated cerebral hemodynamics and blood rheology one week after transient global cerebral ischemia in rats. Materials and methods. Transient global cerebral ischemia was induced in anesthetized Wistar rats by clamping of both common carotid arteries for 12 min with simultaneous controlled hypotension to 45±3 mm Hg, followed by blood reinfusion. A week after ischemia rats were re-anesthetized, and subjected to blood flow experiments with blood flow velocity measurement or blood rheology study with measuring of hematocrit, RBC aggregation, RBC deformation and shear stress. Blood viscosity and yield shear stress were calculated. Peripheral vascular resistance was calculated from pulsation index. Results and discussion. Mean systolic and end diastolic blood flow velocity were increased in ischemic rats a week after global ischemia as compared to controls. Linear blood flow velocity was increased in parietal region and decreased in frontal and occipital regions in ischemic rats. We suppose this effect to be determined by long-term ischemic injury and no-reflow phenomenon. The pulsation index of cerebral circulation was also decreased a week after ischemia. This data, together with the fact of increased end diastolic blood flow velocity, suggests a decrease of cerebral vascular resistance and tone of brain vasculature. RBC aggregation and stability of aggregates were decreased in blood of ischemic rats, resulting in reduced blood viscosity. This can further ameliorate total peripheral resistance of brain micro-vessels. Conclusions. A week after global ischemia cerebral blood flow remains impaired, with decreased flow velocity in frontal and occipital regions and increased flow velocity in parietal region. Global ischemia also results in increase of diastolic blood flow velocity and decrease in pulsation index, which indicates a total decrease in cerebral peripheral vascular resistance. We suggest this phenomenon to be explained, at least in part, by altered rheological properties after cerebral ischemia.