Posterior vitreous detachment is the consequence of changes in the vitreous gel macromolecular structure. As a result of liquefaction, going together with alterations in the extracellular matrix at the vitreoretinal interface, the posterior vitreous cortex detaches from the retinal internal limiting membrane. Increased gel liquefaction that exceeds the degree of vitreoretinal adhesion weakening results in anomalous PVD.
Pharmacologic vitreolysis is a promising new method to improve vitreoretinal surgery results and, eventually, to prevent vein occlusion related complications.

The problem of the innervation of the heart and gross blood vessels of human and animals is developed for more than two centuries. However, despite a great bulk of information, some issues on the development of mammalian cardiac nervous apparatus, the source of its innervation, the topography of the nerves and the intramural ganglia, are still poorly understood. The purpose of the review - to acquaint the reader with the results of studies in recent decades and to draw the attention of cardiologists and other clinicians to the structural features and neurotransmitter specificity of innervation of the heart and cardiac blood vessels, which must be considered when analyzing the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the leading health problems worldwide and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a characteristic pathological finding of COPD at different stages of the disease. As the most important risk factor of COPD, cigarette smoking may initiate vascular impairment through direct injury of endothelial cells or release of inflammatory mediators. Components of cigarette smoke stimulate adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte adhesion to endothelium cells. The purpose of this work is to find out the role of systemic endothelial dysfunction in patients with COPD.<br />
The plasma levels of sVCAM-1 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 34 age-matched (57±6.8 years): 1 - current smokers (n=13), 2 - ex-smoker (n=11) patients with COPD, and 3 - non-smoker patients with bronchial asthma (n=10). Also we analyzed such indices as FEV1 % predicted, FEV1/FVC, % predicted and reversibility of airflow obstruction, %. The level of sVCAM-1 was higher in smokers 19.2±4.8 ng/ml in comparing with ex-smokers 14.8±2.8 ng/ml and non-smokers with bronchial asthma 14.2±5.1 ng/ml, (p<0.05). The degree of FEV1, % predicted was lower in smoker patients with COPD (48.3±18.8 %) than in ex-smoker patients with COPD (66.2±20.4, p=0,02) and patients with bronchial asthma (73.6±5.4, p<0,001). The extent of FEV1/FVC, % predicted was higher in patients with bronchial asthma (79.5±11.9, p<0.001) in compared with smoker (55.8±14.9, p<0.001) and ex-smoker patients (63.09±9.9, p=0.003) with COPD. The reversibility of airflow obstruction was significant higher in patients with bronchial asthma (16.3±2.8 %) in comparing with smokers (5.2±3.8 %) and ex-smokers (7.1±4.2 %) patients with COPD (p<0.05). Also we found correlation between the age and level of sVCAM-1 was correlated (r=0.467, p<0.05). We can not reject hypothesis that there is reversibility of ED after smoking cessation because the level of sVCAM-1 is decreasing in ex-smoker patients with COPD. The mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in COPD is not fully understood and studying of it is necessary for developing new strategies for the pharmacological therapy of patients with COPD.

To study periodicity detection of main prothrombotic genotypes in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) in the North-West region and impact assessment of special forms of thrombogenesis genetic disposition at the course of the pulmonary embolism (PE).
There examined 165 patients suffered from PE (16 - with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), 149 - with acute PE: 15 - massive, 134 - nonmassive). Mutations 1691 G->A in the gene of coagulation factor V (FV Leiden), 20210 G->A in the gene of coagulation factor II and polymorphisms 677 C->T in the gene of met hylentetrahydrofolatereductase MTHFR, -455 G->А in the gene of coagulation factor I, PIA1/A2 in the GP IIIa platelet receptors gene, -675 4G/5G in the gene of plasminogen activator inhibitor PAI-1 were studied with polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis of DNA amplified sites.
There established that 96,0 % patients with acute PE have genetic-determined forms of thrombophilia. Polymorphism 4G/5G in the gene of PAI-1 is ahead of periodicity detection (79.2%). Only 17.4 % of patients have tendency to higher thrombogenesis associated with carriage of several mutations otherwise there is the combination of more than one genetic risk factors. In 26.7 % patients suffered from massive PE prothrombotic state were not detected. By comparison groups of patients with acute Pe and CTEPH there noted differences in periodicity detection of polymorphism -455 G->А in the gene of coagulation factor I (45.0 and 12.5 %) and FV Leiden (12.1 % in the first group vs nothing in the second).
High periodicity detection of prothrombotic genotypes in patients with PE confirms inherited forms of thrombophilia importance in the VTE genesis. Patients with different variants of PE have disparity in the structure of VTE genetic risk factors.

The effect of disease duration on the condition of cauda equina root circulation in 50 patients with lumbar intervertebral disk hernia has been studied. The prolonged disease history has been found to result in the increase of the blood flow values of the root compressed at rest (before compression) in patients with lumbar intervertebral disk hernia. It has been demonstrated, that the more disease duration, the less blood flow increase of the compressed root after decompression in the process of intervertebral disk hernia elimination. The blood flow values of the cauda equina roots adjacent to the zone of disk-radicular conflict do not correlate with the duration of pathological process.

The objective of the work is to investigate the changes in vascular tone regulation during indirect cold test using wavelet analysis of skin temperature oscillations and compare the results in groups of healthy individuals in different age and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. By the cold pressor test vasodilatation abnormality of patients with type 2 diabetes is founded. Skin temperature oscillation amplitude is not recovered after cold pressor test for these patients.

The aim of our study was to investigate the parameters of microcirculation in the skin of arm finger on the basis of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) with a wavelet analysis of the blood flow in haemodialysis patients with an arteriovenous fistula in the lower third of the forearm. Of our 86 patients, 34 were male and 52 were female. Mean age was 48 (range 33-62) years.The advantage of laser Doppler flowmetry in humans is the fact that it is noninvasive and sensitive enough to record small changes in local blood flow in vivo. With the laser Doppler flowmeter LAKK-02 in the skin of arm second finger measured basal blood flow, blood oxygen saturation level and the relative concentration of hemoglobin in the tissue. Blood flow was measured before the formation of an arteriovenous fistula and 3 days, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 months after formation of an arteriovenous fistula.
Blood flow in the skin of the finger to the formation of an arteriovenous fistula was an average of 17.14±5.21 perfusion unit, he fell immediately after the formation of an arteriovenous fistula on 17 %, after 6 months on 33 %, and after 24 months - on 52 % from datum level. Our findings suggest that the modulation of the microcirculation in process functioning AVF greatly increased: to significantly reduced the amplitude of neurogenic oscillation of blood flow and 3-fold increased the amplitude of the myogenic oscillation. 6 months later revealed a significant reduction in the amplitude of endothelial oscillation. It should be noted also that the oxygen saturation in tissues after 24 months of functioning AVF has decreased from 77.4±11.9 to 51.1±8.4 %, and the relative hemoglobin content - from 11.41±2.35 to 7.25±1.71 %.
We conclude, that changes in the modulation of blood flow in process functioning AVF resulted in a significant increase tone of arteriolovenulyar shunts and dilatation of precapillary sphincters in skin, reduced oxygen saturation in tissues and relative content of hemoglobin in the tissues. Compensatory changes at the level of microvasculature despite a decline in blood flow and hemoglobin in the tissues contributed to the redistribution of blood flow in favor of the nutritive stream and increase of consumption of tissues oxygen.

The differences of the regulation mechanisms in the microcirculation caused by hyperactivity of one of the departments of the vegetative nervous system in the conditions of local hyper- and hypothermia are shown by the method of laser Doppler flowmetry. A display of neurogenetic factors in the simpatotonic group is registered after miogenic regulation mechanisms activation in the blood-groove, in the girls' group it is expressed in the conditions of high and low temperatures. In the girls-normotonic group the blood-groove modulation is caused by a cardiac and respiratory wave, in the young men group the "active" mechanisms are shown at the very beginning of the test. The blood-groove parameters are rather stable and similar in the vagotonic group of persons of both sexes.

Skin microcirculation (MC) was assessed by Laser Doppler Flowmetry method in 39 healthy patients once and in 36 patients with arterial hypertension before and after receiving corinfar 20 mg. Increase of intensity in MC control mechanisms, increase of influence on peripheral pulse blood filling haemocirculation with decrease of active rhythmic components in total spectrum of fluctuation of blood flow (endothelial, neurogenic, myogenic) and increase in tissue perfusion were observed during corinfar therapy. All changes were more significant in patients with evident hypotensive effect of corinfar. No significant MC changes were observed in patients with less effect of corinfar.

Relations between parameters of the skin microcirculation in different topographo-anatomic areas of a body at healthy persons in the age of 18-24 years are investigated by LDF. Normative parameters of a condition of microcirculation in a skin of head, body and main segments of hand and leg are determined.

According to the data of literary sources and the results of its own studies is carried out the analysis of hepatic blood flow in the standard, with ishemic heart disease and diffuse liver diseases of noninfectious etiology. Hepatic hemodynamics within the standard has a number of the special features: basic blood flow is achieved on the veins, hepatic artery plays subordinate role. Blood flow in the hepatic veins depends on the propulsive activity of heart (right cameras) and has the phase structure of Doppler spectrum. With nonalcoholic fatty disease of the liver in combination with portal hypertension occur the expansion of hepatic artery and gate vein with an increase in the velocity parameters of the blood stream, the contraction of hepatic veins with the depletion of Doppler spectrum. The pathognomonic signs of venous stagnation and disturbance of intra-hepatic hemodynamics with the severe and chronic forms of ishemic heart disease are the expansion of diameter and reduction in the speed of blood flow in the gate and hepatic veins. The general components of the pathogenesis of the nonalcoholic fatty liver and ishemic heart disease in the practical activity require knowledge and estimation of the state of hepatic blood flow for determining of further tactics and forecast of both diseases.

In experimental diabetes mellitus the increase of disease noted a progressive reduction of the buffer capacity of antioxidant protection system in brain tissue of rats due to depletion of enzymatic and nonenzymatic components and simultaneously to activate the process of lipids peroxidation. Similar changing of antioxidant system and peroxidation level found in platelets of patients with diabetic neuropathy. A long introduction of tioctic acid has had a positive effect on the studied indicators of antioxidant protection and level of MDA in brain tissue and platelets. Discusses the possibility of using platelets antioxidant status data as an indicator of oxidative stress in brain neural tissue.

By method laser doppler flowmetry it is shown, that in conditions of infringement rheological properties of blood with the help dextrans decrease blood flow and transit repeated increase or decrease of a tone of vessels of a skin is possible. Decrease blood flow and increase of his variability is shown on a background dextran 70 and more often the increase of a tone myogenes a nature is observed. On a background dextran 500 it is not marked authentic change index of microcirculation irrespective of the side of supervision and more often the repeated increase or decreases of a component of a tone endothelialis a nature is shown. Features of dynamics (changes) are more indicative by consideration of individual individuals and are defined (determined) by topography of zones of registration blood flow. Cases of lethal outcome on a background dextran 500 are marked. It is possible to note, that the system of regulation blood flow to aspire to avoid resonant change a component of regulation, for example, on a background dextran 500 is increased a component of a tone neurogene a nature and decreases - myogenes миогенной and endothelial.

This study was aimed to evaluate neuroprotective effect of gamma-glutamylethylamide (L-theanine) in brain ischemic damage in rats, caused by left middle cerebral artery occlusion. Theanine was administered intraperitoneally 1mg/kg and 4 mg/kg 30 minutes before ischemia and 3, 12, 24 hours after left middle cerebral artery occlusion. The necrosis size in rats that received theanine 30 minutes before ischemia and 3 and 12 hours after the beginning of reperfusion was significantly decreased 2 days after ischemia. Furthermore, the assessment of animal status on the second day after left middle cerebral artery occlusion revealed significant neurological deficiency reduction in the same experimental groups. Theanine, administered 24 hours after the beginning of reperfusion, failed to change necrosis size and neurological deficiency extent significantly. Thereby, it has been proved, that theanine, injected before brain ischemia and 3 and 12 hours after it, provides brain protection, that potentially might be used in prophylactic and therapy of brain vascular diseases.

Realities of present time stimulate us to refuse to carry out an expreiments in practical studies, and the traditional system of training in pathophysiology has to be filled by the alternative method answering the modern requirement of the medical education. In the pathophysiology department of the State I. P. Pavlov medical university an educational film with obligatory active participation of students is used as such method. The film demonstrates the carrying out of the classical educational experience on laboratory animals. The presented film visually shows the dynamics of the formation of the blood clot and infringements of the microcirculation in venous vessels of the frog mesentery. The viewing takes 10-12 minutes and leaves more time for a theoretical part of the study.

Adaptation of the brain and myocardium to ischemia by short shutdowns of the regional circulation (preconditioning) is an interesting and important subject. Nowadays it is discussed with animation in the scientific literature. However this problem is very complicated and contains a lot of contradictions. We tried to examine these contradictions and to find the reasons for this phenomenon.

Prof. Kupriyanov V. V. and his scientific school (the 100th anniversary of birth).